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Colorectal Cancer Resources & Education

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Disease Management Guide

Developed by Pfizer in partnership with the Colon Cancer Alliance.

A Disease Management Guide for People with Cancer of the Colon or Rectum

Introduction

Your Treatment Team

About Colorectal Cancer

Stages of Colorectal Cancer

Treatment

Managing Side Effects

Pain Management

Coping With Cancer

Getting the Support You Need

Notes

Introduction

This booklet is for people with cancer of the colon or rectum. Hearing you have cancer is not easy. It’s normal to feel frightened and confused. You may have many questions. This booklet is meant to give you some of the information you need. It will make you better prepared to cope with your illness. It will also make you a better partner with your doctors and nurses in your treatment.

In it, you’ll learn more about:

This booklet is laid out in useful sections:

Your Treatment Team
Who treats colorectal cancer? What is each person’s role in your care?

About Colorectal Cancer
What is it? Who gets it? How is it found?

Stages of Colorectal Cancer
How do doctors know how serious your cancer is? How can they help you decide which treatment is best for you?

Treatment
What treatments are there for your cancer? Will you need surgery? Will you take drugs? Are there new treatments?

Managing Side Effects
What side effects can you expect? How serious will they be? How can you cope with them?

Pain Management
Will you have cancer pain? How will your pain be managed?

Coping With Cancer
Will you have body changes? What if you lose your hair? Will your sex life change?

Getting the Support You Need
How to find information and support in your community and on the Internet.

Notes
Handy blank pages. Use these to make notes and keep track of questions you want to ask your doctor or nurse.

While reading this booklet, always keep in mind that your best source of answers is your treatment team. You should always feel comfortable asking any questions you have.

Your Treatment Team

Cancer is a complex disease. Its treatment is also complex. You will need a team of doctors, nurses, and others with special training. Each member of the team has a role. Each helps with one or more aspects of care. The makeup of your team depends on your cancer and your needs. Below are some of the key specialists who care for people with cancer. The role of each is explained. You might wish to use your treatment journal to jot down the names and phone numbers of people on your team. Remember, though, that you are also an important member of the team.

About Colorectal Cancer

This section discusses cancer in general, and cancer of the colon and rectum. It will help your understanding of colorectal cancer. The more you know about it, the better you’ll be able to meet its challenges.

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases in which the cells do not grow and die as they should. There are many types of cancer. Most are named after the part of the body where they start.

Cells are the tiny building blocks that form the tissues of the body. Normally, they grow, divide, and die in a controlled way. When cells age and die, new ones replace them. Sometimes, something changes in the cell to keep this process from working as it should: cells grow too fast, or they don’t die when they’re supposed to. These cells form growths called tumors.

Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors don’t spread and are rarely life-threatening. Malignant tumors can spread throughout the body. Malignant tumors are cancer, which can cause death.

The cause

Cancer is caused by changes in genes. Genes are the “blueprints” of life in the cell. Genes direct the way cells grow, divide, and die. Sometimes, a gene might fail to do its job because of heredity. Other factors can also cause genes to change. These factors include:

Some viruses can also change genes.

How cancer spreads

Cancer spreads when malignant cells break away from a tumor and go to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer cells is called metastasis (meh-TA-stah-sis).

Cancer spreads by moving into nearby tissue. It can also spread through the blood or the lymph. This allows cancer to invade organs far from where it begins.

What is lymph?

Lymph is a watery fluid that travels through the body. Its role is to carry infection-fighting cells. Lymph travels through tubes like small veins. These connect to lymph nodes—small sacs where the cells are stored.

Colorectal Cancer

Colon cancer is cancer that starts in the colon (the large intestine or bowel). Rectal cancer starts in the rectum. These 2 cancers are alike in many ways. Their treatment may be slightly different. Together, they are called colorectal cancer.

How does colorectal cancer start?

No one knows for sure. It usually starts as a polyp (PAH-lip). This is a small, harmless growth on the inside of the colon. Some polyps turn into cancer. If a polyp is found and removed early, the cancer can be prevented.

Studies have found things that raise the risk of getting colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer facts

Screening and Detection of Colorectal Cancer

Doctors use a number of tests to screen for and detect colorectal cancer.

To check for cancer before a person has symptoms, there are screening tests:

New tests are also being studied:

If the doctor thinks you might have cancer or some other disease, a full colonoscopy should be done. Also, your doctor may give you a CEA test.

When cancer has been found, your doctor may want you to get other tests to find out if it has spread. Testing can also help guide your treatment. These tests might include:

Stages of Colorectal Cancer

In this section, you’ll learn about staging. This is what doctors use to describe how far your cancer has spread. It also helps guide treatment.

The main system now in use goes by 2 names: AJCC and TNM. AJCC stands for the American Joint Committee on Cancer. It’s also called TNM because it describes:

T the extent of the Tumor into or through the wall of the colon or rectum
N if it has spread to lymph Nodes
M if there is Metastasis (if it has spread to other parts of the body)

This system uses Roman numerals (0-IV) to stage cancer. In general, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. Also, the better the chances are for long-term survival. Dukes, a similar system, uses letters (A-D).

Stage 0 The cancer is in its earliest form. It has not grown beyond the inner layer of the colon or rectum. This is also called cancer in situ.
Stage I (Also called Dukes A): The cancer is inside the wall of the colon or rectum. It has not spread any farther.
Stage II (Also called Dukes B): The cancer has spread through the wall of the colon or rectum, but it has not reached lymph nodes or distant sites.
Stage III (Also called Dukes C): The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, but it has not reached distant parts of the body.
Stage IV (Also called Dukes D): The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

It is possible for a person to have recurrent cancer. This means the cancer has returned after treatment. It may be local (near the first site) or in some other part of the body.

Treatment

This section deals with treatment. You’ll learn about the types of therapy you might receive at the stage of your cancer.

Use this index to find the information you need.

Part 1: Treatment Overview

The main treatments are:

Many people have at least 2 of these. Some people may have more. It depends on:

You may hear treatments bring referred to as “first-line” or “second-line.”

Here’s what those terms mean:

If you would like more information on treatment, ask your doctor.

Surgery

Most people with colorectal cancer have surgery. The goal is to remove as much of the cancer as possible. The surgeon recommends what kind of operation you’ll need.

Surgery for colon cancer

Surgery for rectal cancer


Surgery for colorectal cancer that has spread

If your cancer has spread, the surgeon may try to remove the new tumors. In some cases, this might be a cure. If the cancer has spread too far, the goal of surgery is to extend life and ease symptoms.

Preparing for surgery. You will probably need some tests before surgery. The surgeon needs to make sure your heart and lungs are strong and that you don’t have anemia or other health problems. You will need to take a laxative to empty your colon. Your doctor will tell you which of your regular medicines you should take or skip before surgery.

Recovering from surgery. Nurses and doctors will take special care to help avoid infection or other problems. You will not be able to eat or drink for a few days. A tube put in your arm will provide the fluids and nutrition you need. Your nurses will get you up and moving around as soon as possible. If the medicine you receive for pain isn’t helping, talk to your doctor or nurse.

Side effects of surgery. When a person has surgery, the area nearby will be painful for a while. Your doctor will give you something to relieve the pain. You may have constipation or diarrhea. You could get an infection. With a colostomy, the nearby skin may get irritated. There may be sexual problems as well. For men, infertility may be an issue.

Chemotherapy (Chemo)

This is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Some are given by injection and others in pill form. These drugs are carried in the blood to all parts of the body. This makes them very useful for cancers that have spread. Some types of chemo are given by continuous infusion. This means the drug is pumped into a vein continuously for a number of days.

Chemo can be used after surgery to try to destroy areas of cancer that might have been missed. It may also reduce the chances of the cancer coming back. Treatment that makes it less likely that a disease will come back is called adjuvant therapy. In people with metastatic cancer, chemo may:

Most people get these drugs in cycles. There are times of treatment and then times of rest.


Types of chemotherapy

Here are some drugs used for colorectal cancer. Talk to your doctor about what treatments might be right for you.

* Please see full prescribing information for Camptosar on the last pages.

Xeloda is a registered trademark of Roche Laboratories Inc. Camptosar is a registered trademark of Pfizer Inc. Eloxatin is a trademark of Sanofi-Synthelabo Inc.

Side effects of chemotherapy

This is a big concern for a lot of people. Side effects depend on:

Your doctor or nurse can help manage side effects. Some common effects are these:

There is much more about side effects and how to deal with them in the next section, starting on page 40.

Radiation Therapy (RT)

RT uses strong x-rays to kill or shrink cancer cells. You may have RT before or after surgery. If done before, the goal is to shrink a large tumor. This will make it easier to take out. If done after, it is used to kill areas of cancer that the surgeon might have missed. In advanced cancer, RT may ease symptoms and may extend life. It is often used at the same time as chemotherapy.

There are a few types of RT:

Side effects of radiation therapy

Some side effects you may have are:

In most people, they go away once treatment is over. Sometimes, the irritation of the rectum and bladder may not go away. This can cause diarrhea and frequent urination.

More about side effects and how to cope with them are in the next section. (See page 40.)

Biologic Therapy

This is a new type of treatment. Some kinds use (or boost) your immune system to fight cancer. Others find and kill cancer cells or the compounds they need to grow.